Competition of Ports with the Panama Canal

Competition of Ports with the Panama Canal Strategies for Older Ports Len Edwards Towards the end of next year, the Panama Canal will open a third set of locks allowing larger ships to transfer the canal. These â€Å"super ships† called Post-Panamax ships will soon have easier access to the ports on the east coast, reducing the travel times for cargo from Asia. This has resulted in aggressive port expansion to accommodate these giants. Many ports have the available room for expansion to handle the influx of containers without many modifications of their operations. However, many older ports desire an expansion although they are limited on room for expansion. How can these cramped ports compete with larger ports in attracting increased cargo volumes in the near future? The first option for smaller ports with limited space is utilizing an off dock sorting area known as a satellite terminal. It is interesting to note that satellite terminal is only one of many terms describing the operation off-dock sorting areas; there seems to be no consensus on the terminology resulting in a wide range of terms including dry ports, inland terminals, inland ports, inland hubs, inland logistics centers, and inland freight villages (Rodrigue Notteboom, n.d., para. 4). The satellite terminal uses dedicated rail service form the dock to a secondary sorting facility further inland. The advantage to this system is the ability to handle the increased volume of container from Post –Panamax ships at ports with limited land for storage of the containers, in effect increasing the ports throughput in crowded urban environments. The containers are loaded onto waiting train shuttles without sorting by destination. The train then carried the containers to a secondary sort ing yard where the containers undergo further transferring to other trains by destination. Additionally the satellite terminals can service the trucking industry. Trucks deliver container to the satellite facility to be loaded on a rail car for delivery to the dock or a terminus inland. The synergy between the port and the satellite terminal creates a new type of maritime / land interface, which essentially results in a regionalized port (Rodrigue, n.d., para. 3). This type of operation is under the process of development at the Port of Baltimore. The rail company CSX, in hopes to attract more ships to the port, is considering a satellite facility 15 miles for the port. The rail line offers to deliver cheaper rates to shipping companies using the port and the devoted rail line. Another area for older ports to focus on is modernization of the existing infrastructure. Besides the amount of containers the port handles, focus should shift to offering specialized facilities at the ports, securing an advantage over larger ports. An example of this at the Port of Philadelphia is warehousing. In 2011 Philadelphia completed a warehouse for storing refrigerated freight, the 686,000-squarefoot building, the largest refrigerated building in North America. The idea was to link the world-class produce market with the premier perishables port in the United States. (O’Brien, 2013, para 17). Additionally, the ports looking to compete with larger ports must look at improving the infrastructure moving freight off the pier in an efficient and cost-competitive manner. The Port of Miami attacked this problem in three ways. First, they secured funding to improve rail lines serving the port, which included the rebuilding of rail bridges linking the port to the rail yard. Th ere are plans to construct three tracks capable of holding trains a half-mile long. Furthermore, the port invested in a new tunnel linking the port to the nearby interstate, while also upgrading surrounding roadways, offering the ability for trucks entering and leaving the port to bypass the congested downtown streets, the only other access to the port. The final piece of the project involved dredging the channel to a depth of 50 feet to accommodate Post-Panamax ships. With Miami’s three-pronged attack — tunnel, rail, and dredging — the port claims it will be able to make inroads into some of the markets that Savannah now dominates (Whitefield, 2012, para. 33). Moreover, Baltimore requires a redesign of the rail system leaving the port. The only rail tunnel leaving the port is 130 years old, lacking in the proper diameter to handle the modern double stack trains or tri-level auto racks. Without railroad redesign in Baltimore, its estimated that Maryland might ev en lose up to 50 percent of its container traffic to a port like Norfolk, Va. — the other East Coast port able to handle the larger ships — costing our region hundreds of jobs and tens of millions in economic activity and tax revenue (Sadowski, 2012, para. 8). One last alternative for crowded ports to compete besides the pervious mentioned options is entering strategic alliances with major shipping companies via a dedicated terminal. This alliance benefits both the ports and the maritime shipping company, this relationship requires a long-term agreement. For the shipping company it secures a port in a profitable location without having to compete with other shipping companies. As for the ports, the shipping company considers the port part of their supply chain, directing a majority of their ship to call upon the port even if there are ports closer or ports containing better facilities. For port authorities, dedicated terminals encourage the development of port facilities allowing them to push for more funding; it is also a useful strategy if there is competition between port terminals (Lun, Lai, Cheng, 2010, p. 182). The Port of Philadelphia remains proactive on attracting ships to their port; they have agents stationed across the world. Likewise, the Port of Baltimore in the late 1990’s attempted to attract two major shipping companies by offering lower dock rates and upgrading facilities around the port. Unfortunately, for Baltimore the shipping companies rejected their offer. Although, this reinforces the lengths that port will go to attract a dedicated shipping company. In conclusion, with the completion of the Panama Canal upgrades soon to be completed, the ports operating on the east coast now face a rush to prepare. The larger ports fare well in this situation, having the room for expansion and up to date infrastructure. The older ports in urban environments scramble to prepare a system to handle the increased demand. There are a few options to aid these ports, depending on the amount of funding available. Some ports like Baltimore are looking to move the sorting of containers to off-site location, depending on rail transportation to deliver the containers. On the other hand, some port authorities are improving the needed infrastructure to allow rapid movements of rail and trucks to and from the facility. Lastly, many ports are securing deals with shipping companies to lure them to make the older ports their main stops in America. This report discussed issues with east coast ports although these strategies are not limited to that area. They are e asily applied to struggling ports across the globe. References Lun, Y.H., Lai, K., Cheng, T.C. (2010).  Shipping and logistics management. London, England: Springer. OBrien, D. (2013, Summer). Pennsylvania’s Homeport: The Port Of Philadelphia.  Catalyst Magazine. Retrieved from http://http://digital.graphcompubs.com/article/Pennsylvania’s+Homeport:+The+Port+Of+Philadelphia+/1445490/0/article.html Rodrigue, J.P., Notteboom, T. (n.d.).  Inland Ports/Dry Ports. Retrieved August 6, 2014, from https://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch4en/appl4en/ch4a4en.html Rodrigue, J.P. (n.d.).  The Insertion of a Satellite Terminal in Port Operations. Retrieved August9, 2014, from http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch4en/conc4en/agileport.html Sadowski, J.T. (2012, October 24). The port: Baltimores gateway to opportunity.  The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved from http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2012-10-24/news/bs-ed-port-20121024_1_port-expansion-cargo-activity-intermodal-facility Whitefield, M. (2012, November 18). Competition heats up as U.S. ports prepare for Panama Canal expansion.  Miami Herald, p.para. 33. Retrieved from http://www.miamiherald.com/2012/11/18/3104323/competition-heats-up-as-us-ports.html

Review of Young, Muslim and French Essay

There are many advantages and disadvantages of film documentaries which can help someone learn about pretty much any topic they want to. Some documentaries are based on scientific concrete facts while others are based on opinion and feelings like the documentary Young Muslim and French. One of the advantages of the documentary format is that unlike a book or article a documentary gives someone a visual image that can help to reinforce what the documentary is talking about. For example if talking about math one could see math problems and solutions which could help them to understand what is being talked about and with a documentary like the one we watched in class we got to actually see the person that was being focused on which plays more to emotions because unlike with reading getting to see an actual person gives a visual image instead of having to form one. We all know facts cannot be changed but opinions can be with the use of visuals that convey emotion. We could see that Manal felt very compelled to wear her headscarf and that without it she felt she was dishonoring her religion and God. One good example of visuals was when she was showing off her room and there was a big yellow Pokemon Pikachu on her bed that would not have been known if there was no visuals. This helps someone to see she is a regular teenage girls who is just trying to live her life that way she thinks is best. Another advantage is that we could actually hear Manal and others talk about their opinions. While this can be done in other formats like in a book it is again good to be able to see and hear someone talk about their feelings because it makes it more realistic and gives a more lasting effect to the subject that is being spoken about. You can also hear peoples tone of voice which can to convey emotion but also allows the viewers to get firsthand experience on how someone feels about something that cannot be experienced in another format with no sound. The story was personal to Manal. However, there are also limitations to the documentary format simply because a documentary is meant to be watched and can only contain so much detail because of time constraints. In Young Muslim and French we get to see very limited opinions on the subject because there simply isn’t enough time to interview every Muslim girl in the school to see what their feelings are. There is also no time to interview parents, all the teachers or government officials to see what they feel about the subject because if they did the documentary would be hours and hours longer than people would be willing to watch. Another disadvantage to the documentary format is there the is limited amount of information that can told again because of time constraints. Very little was said as to why there was a ban on head scarves but also was Muslim the only religion targeted or were Christian Crosses no longer allowed as well and how far did the school go to stop other religious items from being in school. Many issues were briefly mentioned such as teenagers not being able to get jobs, women only seeing women doctors and people being scared of Muslims but not much information was given on any one topic but a little information on lots of topics. This documentary helped me to better understand and even made known to me that there was a ban on headscarves in French schools because previously I had no knowledge of this at all. I also liked the fact that the documentary format gave images and I could see real people which to me made the topic more real and had a great impact on me. Had I read this in a book I probably wouldn’t have given it much thought even if the book or article was about Manal but seeing a person and their struggles to finish school and follow the religion they thought was right really made things feel real to me. I think what part of this subject would be better off in a book was more about Muslim religion overall and why the French government had a problem with religious symbols in school. I also would have liked to have known more about why no religious symbols were allowed all in school. I can understand wanting a separation of church and state because not everyone believes the same thing but I would like to know more about why it wasn’t even ok to wear a headscarf or a cross because it is not really effect anyone else and is a personal clothing choice. I also would have liked to have had the opinions of more people which would have been better suited for a book because books are generally much more in-depth that a documentary. Overall, there are many advantages of the documentary format because of the way visuals, sounds and people can be used. However, there are also disadvantages and things that can be better or more effectively explained in a book.

Policy Process Part 1 - 1591 Words

The Policy Process Part 1 The Policy Process Part I Tobacco use and the effects of second hand smoke have been an ongoing issue for many years. Looking at the attitude of the 1950’s and 1960’s when smoking was thought of as cool, suave, mature, etc., there has been a major turnaround in the way society looks at the use of tobacco. Now the issue is not just smoking and the damage to health that it causes, but now there is the additional awareness of what second hand smoke can do to individuals. It used to be commonplace to smoke in a hospital room and now due to the changes in the laws, smoking is not even allowed on the campus of a hospital. Many if not all large buildings including government buildings ban smoking in and around†¦show more content†¦The policy or bill may be reviewed by one or more committee depending on what is being proposed. Any policy or bill being presented must come from the legislature. Boundless (n.d.) notes that during the second reading the merits of the po licy or bill are considered and the results are reported back to the legislature where further amendments to the original presentation will be made if necessary. Once all changes have been made and the bill or policy is approved by the legislature then it may need to go up to the Executive for final approval before becoming a law. If it is vetoed the legislature does have the power to override the veto by what is called supermajority (Boundless, n.d.). The proposed policy or bill can be rejected by any branch along the process and many proposed bills and policies end up being rejected as not meeting one or more requirements along the way. Implementation Stage Boundess. (n.d.) notes that implementation is the process that moves an idea from being just a concept to becoming a reality. When looking at business, engineering, and other fields, Boundless (n.d.) indicates that the implementation process has to do with the building process. When looking at the implementation stage when it comes to a policy this means that it has made it from a simple draft to actually being an active policy that will bring about some type of beneficial change. An effective policy implementation has threeShow MoreRelatedPolicy Process, Part 11429 Words   |  6 PagesThe Policy Process Part 1 Jesus Flores HCS/455 Health Care Policy: The pass and the future Professor: Natsai Zhou December 6, 2011 It is important to understand the policy-making process especially for advocates who plan what type of input is needed in order to have an impact on the final policy. There are a few interesting factors between health policy and social policy. The Social policy deals more with the distribution and maintenance of economic solvency, as well as the provision ofRead MorePolicy Process Part 11576 Words   |  7 PagesThe Policy Process: Part I HCS/455 In the United States, Veteran’s health care at an economical rate is a continuous debate. It is warranted that the health care should improve at a constant rate to uphold the health needs of veterans, new and old. Government has the veterans association (VA) and with all the help it has available for veterans there are still times when that care is not enough. There are so many individuals that are without health care because of one reason for another and itRead MoreArticle Review : Politics And The Policymaking Process778 Words   |  4 PagesPolicymaking Process† is to examine and explain the phases of the policymaking process and identity the theoretical aspects associated with policymaking, as well as, acknowledge the lead contributors in decision making and funding public policies. The article deciphers the policymaking process while identifying the policy problems and the contributors that influence change in public policy. The scholars that contributed to the a rticle, identified five steps in the policymaking process; (1) IdentifyingRead MorePolicy Process Essay1342 Words   |  6 PagesPart II: The Policy Process Melissa Paciello Health Care Policy: The Past and the Future/HCS 455 April 11, 2011 Bette Sorrento Part II: The Policy Process Part I of the policy process involves, the formulation phase, the evaluation or legislation phase, and the implementation phase. The formulation phase is the stage where the all the information, ideas, concepts, and researches from various people, organizations, and interest groups are taken. The legislation or evaluation process is definedRead MoreThe Role Of A Nurse During The Legislative Process1132 Words   |  5 PagesRunning Header: LEGISLATIVE PROCESS​​1 The Role of a Nurse in the Legislative Process Samantha Stover Ohio University The legislative process is constructed of three parts that include the policy formulation, policy implementation and policy modification. Policy formulation is gathering and formulating a bill to take to legislation for review. The bill consists of a healthcare issue that has been researched with a clearly stated alternative or solutionRead MoreCase Study : My Assigned Parts 1383 Words   |  6 Pages‘My Assigned Parts’ ïÆ'Ëœ Introduction 3. Why does it need to be solved? The issue need to be solved as it’s a peak hot summer where there is a much greater need for such products i.e. Air conditioners, as it fulfil the basic need of customers to provide them comfort in hot weather circumstances. Whereas, the unavailability of spare parts shows company’s inadequate services for their customers and leads to a negative impact on company’s reputation and other potential losses. Providing better afterRead MorePolicy Gaming For Strategy And Change Essay1405 Words   |  6 PagesResearch Assignment 1 Summary: â€Å"Policy Gaming for Strategy and Change† The following assignment is a summary of the article â€Å"Policy Gaming for Strategy and Change† that was written by Geurts, Duke and Vermeulen in 2007. In the article, it can be read how companies can use gaming simulations in order to analyse future scenarios and adapt certain strategies to their complex organisational environment. 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Should Drunk Drivers be Imprisoned on the First Offense - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1802 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/04/04 Category Society Essay Level High school Topics: Drunk Driving Essay Did you like this example? Should Drunk Drivers be Imprisoned on the First Offense? Alcohol-impaired driving fatalities accounted for 29% of the total vehicle traffic fatalities in 2017, according to the Foundation for Advancing Alcohol Responsibility. Drunk drivers should be imprisoned on the first offense, based on the severity and circumstances. According to Nave Law Firm, New York has one of the lowest arrest rates in proportion to its population (0.19%) but proves the trend that alcohol is responsible for 1/3 of all car crashes. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Should Drunk Drivers be Imprisoned on the First Offense?" essay for you Create order Stated by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, about 1.5 million people were arrested in a given year for driving under the influence of alcohol. This means that one out of every 121 licensed drivers were arrested for drunk driving. (Drunk Driving Arrest Statistics 1) It is clear that based on statistics and state laws, driving while intoxicated is a serious issue that is continuing to grow. In New York and every other state, the legal blood alcohol content (BAC) level limit is 0.08%. This means that someone with a BAC of 0.08% or more is legally considered drunk, or intoxicated. There are several different alcohol violations in New York State. The first type of violation is Driving While Intoxicated (DWI), which is a blood alcohol content of .08 or higher. There is also Aggravated DWI which is a BAC of .18 or higher. The next violation is Driving While Ability Impaired by Alcohol DWAI/Alcohol, which would classify as a BAC of more than .05 but less than .07. Your DWI penalties depend on factors such as your age, the substance impairing you, your drivers license, and whether you submitted to a chemical test (DUI and DWI in New York 2). According to the Department of Motor Vehicles, if you are younger than 21 years old and youre caught driving with a BAC of 0.02% or higher, youve broken New Yorks Zero Tolerance Law. If it is your first offense, you can receive a suspended license for six months, $125 civil penalty, $100 fee for suspension termination, possible enrollment in the New York Drinking Driver Program (DDP) and all the associated costs, and possible ignition interlock device installation and all associated costs. If it is your second offense, it is license revocation for 1 year or until you turn 21 years old, $125 civil penalty, $100 fee for suspension termination, possible enrollment in the DDP along with costs, and possible ignition interlock device installation. If you are over the age of 21 and are charged with DWAI/Alcohol as a first offense, it is license suspension for 90 days, a $300 to $500 fine, a minimum $250 annual assessment fine, for a total of $750 in fines over 3 years, up to 15 days in jail, and possible enrollment in the New York Drinking Driver Program. If you get a second DWAI/Alcohol charge in 5 years, you face license revocation for at least six months, a $500 to $750 fine, a minimum $250 annual assessment fine, for a total of $750 fines over 3 years, up to 30 days in jail, and possible enrollment in DDP. A charge of DWI as your first offense gives you a license revocation for six months, a $500 to $1,000 fine, a minimum $250 annual assessment fine, for a total of $750 in fines over 3 years, up to one year in jail, and possible enrollment in DDP. The penalties you face if you commit another DWI offense within 10 years of your first offense are license revocation for at least one year, a $1,000- $5,000 fine, a minimum $250 annual assessment fine for a total of $750 in fines over 3 years, up to 4 years in jail with a minimum of 5 days in jail or 30 days of community service, a class E felony, and possible enrollment in DDP (DUI and DWI in New York 4). In 2017, 10,874 people were killed in crashes involving a drunk driver, 29 percent of all fatalities (Alcohol Impaired Driving 1). As a nation, we spend $5.4 billion a week on alcohol, thats an average $36.56 per person, every week, or almost $2,000 a year on alcohol (Drunk Driving Stats 1). Drivers with prior DWI convictions are also overrepresented in fatal crashes and have a greater relative risk of fatal crash involvement. One study showed that about 3 percent of all licensed drivers had a prior arrest for DWI within the past three years, yet 12 percent of intoxicated drivers involved in fatal crashes had at least one prior DWI conviction in the past three years. That same study showed that intoxicated drivers with prior DWI convictions had 4.1 times the risk of being in a fatal crash as intoxicated drivers without prior DWIs. Another study showed that fatal crash risk increases with the number of prior DWI arrests (Repeat DWI Offenders in U.S. 1). Although drinking alcohol depends on factors such as weight, sex, and a persons metabolism, there is a general rule of thumb for the amount of alcohol consumed and BAC. According to Steven F. Groce, attorney at law, 2 standard drinks consumed during the first hour of drinking, will increase a persons level of blood alcohol concentration to approximately .05%. Most people wont realize how quickly their alcohol concentration will rise, even after one drink. If punishments were even tougher for drivers on the first offense, they wouldnt be as likely to continue to do it. Most people feel that they shouldnt receive a harsh punishment if it is their first offense, which ultimately leads them to do it again. Just because you are arrested doesnt mean you will be convicted. Receiving a fine or a license suspension does not send a message to people not to drink and drive. Drunk driving is a selfish act that not only puts the impaired driver at risk, but effects the lives of other innocent drivers. You often see stories in the news on fatal car accidents caused by drunk drivers where the lives of an innocent human being was taken due to a poor decision to drink and drive by someone else. One headline on ABC 7 News on October 3, 2018 was Calverton, Long Island (WABC)†The family of the Boy Scout killed by an alleged drunk driver on Long Island says the world has lost an amazing 12- year- old boy (Thorne 1). This was a drunk driver who chose to drive a car and hit a group of boy scouts walking on a sidewalk. Fox 8 News had a headline on October 22, 2018, Family mourns 4 people killed in suspected drunk driving crash (Dipiazza 1). This is another incidence where a man chose to drink and drive, run a stop sign, and crash into another car killing all four people. I have a personal experience on what drunk driving can do to people. Meghan Wood of 20 Christine Court had pled guilty to a seven-count indictment in connection with the death of Lisa Moray. Wood was driving on June 18, 2008 at 4:30 a.m. when her SUV ran off an entrance from leading from the Sprain Brook Parkway to the Cross-County Expressway, ran up an embankment and rolled over coming to rest on its wheels. Moray was pronounced dead at the scene. Woods blood alcohol level was .18 percent, more than double the legal limit (Driver in Vehicular Homicide Sentenced to Prison 1). Lisa Moray, my aunt, was in the car when her friend made the decision to drink and drive. A poor decision to drink and drive a car can be controlled, but the life of an innocent person cant be brought back. Drunk driving is a nationwide issue that is continuing to grow. With harsher laws and punishments, the number of fatalities and alcohol related incidents can be greatly reduced. With taxis, Uber, Lyft and any other type of public transportation, there is no reason to drink and drive. For every arrest made for driving while intoxicated (DWI), an estimated 500 to 2,000 drunk driving incidents go unpenalized, although more arrests are made for drunk driving in America than for any other offense and significant sums are spent on enforcement. Even doubling or quadrupling the number of arrests would leave the chance of arrest extremely small. With the possibility of getting caught so slim, it may seem that people would shrug off an effort by police to make more arrests (Preventing Drunk Driving 1). One way to be able to catch more drunk drivers on the road is increase sobriety checks. Law enforcement officials did a study to assess how two types of drinking- driving laws permitting sobriety checkpoints and prohibiting open containers of alcohol in motor vehicles are associated with drinking- driving and how enforcement efforts may affect these associations. They found that states with a sobriety checkpoint law, compared to those without a law, had 18.2% lower drinking- driving and states that conducted sobriety checks monthly had 40.6% lower drinking- driving (Traffic Injury Prevention 1). Even as a first offense, treatment or at least a few days in jail depending on a persons BAC should be given to prove how serious of a matter it is. Some of the time, most people will get away with drinking and driving if they didnt have too much. This leads them to continue to do it because they feel if they were able to do it the other times, they can do it again. According to Christine G. Holzmueller, Drunk Driving, the effects brought on by alcohol start to appear with a BAC of 0.02%. These effects include a loss of judgement and a decline in the drivers ability to quickly track moving objects or perform two tasks at a time. Once a persons BAC reaches 0.05, the risk of a fatal crash substantially increases. People dont realize one drink can have an effect on their ability to drive a car. Drinking and driving not only poses a threat to your life, it can affect many other things as well. You could lose your job, it can raise your insurance, your incident can be made public for others to know, and you will have to live with guilt for the rest of your life if you injure or kill someone. Athens High School seniors experienced first-hand the effects and consequences of drunk and distracted driving during a daylong drunk driving awareness event Wednesday, just a few days before many of them will go to prom (Pavlik- Hernandez 1). This was an event in Athens, Alabama where a number of law enforcement and medical services went to a high school to show students what goes on during a drunk driving accident. Actions like these help get the message across to young kids, and show them in depth what would happen in a situation like that. Ultimately, everyone knows drinking and driving is against the law. If you are willing to risk your life, and someone elses, you should have to face a harsh consequence for it, even if that is imprisonment. It is an ongoing problem that will continue unless the penalties become harsher. You can save your life, the lives of others, and the grief a family will go through in losing a loved one from a poor decision, just like my family has to.

The Picture Of Dorian Gray By Oscar Wilde - 1523 Words

Reader Response Entry #6: Chapters 10-11 The Picture of Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde was not received well by critics when it was published in 1890. This was because it contained themes of homosexuality and was considered scandalous. Now, it is just considered a philosophical novel dealing with morals. I think that this book would very much be viewed as indecent in Wilde’s time. For example, when talking about Dorian’s public image, Wilde writes, â€Å"Society--civilized society, at least--is never very ready to believe anything to the detriment of those who are both rich and fascinating. It feels instinctively that manners are of more importance than morals† (Wilde 90). Certainly, many people reading it in that time period would feel negatively towards these words, which exclaim that society is blind to the real characters of certain people, but only look towards wealth and appearance when it comes to first impressions. Also, when talking about marriage, Lord Henry says, â€Å"Never marry at all, Dorian. Men marry because they are tired; women, because they are curious: both are disappointed† (Wilde 31). This quote could be interpreted as in support of homosexuality, which would be deemed very controversial in Wilde’s time. I think that this book deserved its reputation of being indecent. It talks about drug use and murder, along with the discussion of morality. All of these things are not condemned in the novel. However, I think that in today’s time it would be less controversialShow MoreRelatedThe Picture Of Dorian Gray By Oscar Wilde2792 Words   |  12 Pages The Picture of Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde In Oscar Wilde’s first novel The Picture of Dorian Gray, Wilde strategically uses his main characters Lord Henry Wotton and Basil Hallward to represent good versus evil influences throughout the reading. In the book, Dorian Gray plays the role of the everyman who is in a vicious circle on having to decide between the side of good or evil. Lord Henry is the evil influence and is seen as a more devil-like character while Basil Hallward is the good ChristianityRead MoreThe Picture of Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde832 Words   |  3 Pagescharacteristics of self-destructive properties. In the novel The Picture of Dorian Gray, Oscar Wilde shows how these can lead to a man’s downfall. He displays this through the character of Dorian Gray. The novel explains how as Dorian grows up and through his life, he is ultimately destroyed by his own ego, vanity and inability to change or realize how what he does affects not only him but the lives of those around him. Dorian Gray strugg les throughout the novel with the daunting facts that he isRead MoreThe Picture of Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde1967 Words   |  8 Pages In The Picture of Dorian Gray, Oscar Wilde disputes the role and conflicts between Aestheticism and morality. He exposes his contradictions and inner struggles throughout his three main characters: Lord Henry, a nobleman who criticizes the moralism and hypocrisy of Victorian society and openly expresses his Aesthetic thoughts, Dorian Gray, a handsome model influenced by Lord Henry’s views on beauty and morality, and Basil Hallward, an artist captivated by Dorian’s beauty. The novel mainly dealsRead MoreThe Picture Of Dorian Gray By Oscar Wilde1414 Words   |  6 Pagesto me†¦(â€Å"Fallenoracle†).† This quote from the tv series Quantico does an effective job of expressing what Lord Henry’s influence has done to Dorian Gray throughout the philosophical novel, The Picture of Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde. While some might argue that Dorian s actual nature does not change significantly, an additional perspective is that Dorian Gray is a dynamic char acter that gains negative character traits by becoming vain of his youth, increasingly paranoid of someone learning of his portraitRead MoreThe Picture Of Dorian Gray By Oscar Wilde1060 Words   |  5 PagesThe Picture of Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde is a philosophical/gothic fiction. Setting: The novel takes place in the peak of the Decadent artistic movement of the 1890s, which occurred in the Victorian era of London and is known for its judgmental social standards, highlighting the contrast between the wealthier, materialistic higher classes and the dull middle-class society, making the novel more audacious. Plot: A famous artist named Basil Hallward completes his first portrait of Dorian Gray: aRead MoreThe Picture of Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde687 Words   |  3 PagesThesis-In The Picture of Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde, main character, Dorian Gray , in his times of greatest pain chooses to focus only on what is beautiful which leads to his death and shows that beauty obscures reality. Dorian Grays romantic interest, Sibyl kills herself after an altercation with Dorian; he looks at the nature around him to avoid the reality of the suicide that he has caused. Dorian first sees Sibyl when she acts at a rundown and low quality theater. She acts as many charactersRead MoreThe Picture Of Dorian Gray : Oscar Wilde2014 Words   |  9 PagesAdrian Balakumar Mr.Sal AP Lit 15 December 2014 The Picture of Dorian Gray - Oscar Wilde 1) In the book, The Picture of Dorian Gray, several characteristics of the world have been presented. The author portrays the world as a den of individuals with a skewed view of the immediate environment. The author depicts the world as a place where physical traits like beauty or handsomeness are important than a person’s virtues. Dorian spends his time studying music and other beautiful things that life hasRead MoreThe Picture Of Dorian Gray By Oscar Wilde1731 Words   |  7 PagesMy choice for this summer reading assignment was to read The Picture of Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde. This is a philosophical fiction novel meaning it devotes a significant portion of the novel to sort the questions that are addressed in discursive philosophy, that can include: the role in society, the purpose of living, ethnic or morals, experience, etc. Throughout history art has played a huge role in portraying the structure of society and how the people play in it.The novel takes place in theRe ad MoreThe Influences of Oscar Wilde The Picture of Dorian Gray1582 Words   |  7 PagesThe Influences of Oscar Wilde Throughout his life Oscar Wilde had many strong influences exerted upon him. During his early childhood his mother influenced him and into college some of his professors and certain philosophers left a substantial impression upon him. Into adulthood these influences leaked out in his writing. These influences gave him ample ideas for writing The Picture of Dorian Gray. Wildes study of the Hellenistic ideals of Epicurus, his coddled lifestyle as a child and his devotionRead MoreOscar Wilde s The Picture Of Dorian Gray1544 Words   |  7 Pagescelebrity I find that it is inevitable to avoid being a part of some sort of controversy. At the height of Oscar Wilde’s career is where he found himself in just that. Although Wilde’s novel, The Picture of Dorian Gray is praised today, in the late 1800s it was seen by others as a negative shift in society and literature. In the film â€Å"Wilde†, after the release of The Picture of Dorian Gray, Wilde’s wife Constance and his mother Jane have a conversation in regards to the novel that gives insight to

Nursing in Perspectives Free Essays

Nursing is a profound profession which requires professional skills and knowledge, high level of expertise and managerial skills. Following Parker Clare (2006): â€Å"Critical thinking is a vital skill to have as a nurse. Nurses are engaged in providing care to people who have a right to high quality professional conduct and health services (p296). We will write a custom essay sample on Nursing in Perspectives or any similar topic only for you Order Now Applied to nursing profession, critical thinking aims to improve healthcare services through new methods and self-developed professional skills of nurses. Critical thinking combines the ability to meet the requirement of a new age and respond effectively to technological innovations and scientific discoveries. Changing economic environment and globalization process has a great impact on the nursing science, and compel to specify concepts of management and its fields. During the last decades, the definitions of critical thinking in nursing have been changes. For instance, Ennis Milman in 1985 defined critical thinking in nursing as â€Å"reasonable, reflective thinking focused on what to believe or do† (Critical Thinking in Nursing 2007). In five years, McPeck, (1990) defined it as: â€Å"the propensity to engage in an activity with reflective skepticism† (Critical Thinking in Nursing 2007). Monitoring was an important method that helped to search for new trends in nursing. Today, nurses take into account internal and external factors that influence a patient. The most recent explanation of critical thinking is proposed by the University of New Mexico (2007): â€Å"nursing utilizes critical thinking as diagnostic reasoning and professional or clinical judgment. Critical thinking in nursing is based on a triggering event or situation, a starting point, scaffolds, processes, and outcomes that make up a continuous or iterative feedback loop† (Critical Thinking in Nursing 2007). In modern world, critical thinking in nursing is a broad concept with include advanced knowledge and discovering, creativity and passion, authenticity and ability to foresee coming changes. Critical thinking in nursing aims to extend traditional nursing roles in order to keep abreast of time and rapidly changing technology. Daniels (2004) underlines that it may be exercised as an attribute of position or because of personal knowledge or wisdom. Modern nurses see themselves more as conservators and regulators of the exist ­ing order of affairs with which they identify, and from which they gain rewards. Critical thinking helps to create a sense of identity which does not depend upon membership or work roles. On the one hand, nursing gendered identity and cultural identity has a great impact on their skills and ability to deliver high quality service. Many problems associated with the relationships between people of different cultures stem from variations in norms and values. Modern society is marked by cultural diversity problems which influence healthcare services and service delivery. Critical thinking is crucial for culturally competent nurse because it helps to communicate with diverse clients and meet their needs. For instance, Hindus and Asians share specific beliefs as for parts of the body and health, and in this case a nurse should take into account cultural and religious practices of these patients. Following Dreher and Macnaughton (2002): â€Å"the health care system has nested the accountability for cultural competency with the clinician who provides direct services to individuals, where the application of cultural information is likely to be least useful† (p181). For a nurse, the key advantages of convergence are that ideas and techniques developed in one cultural or national setting may be transferred to another and used effectively. These variables shape the values and hence the behavior of people (Potter Perry, 2005). Critical thinking determines the quality of decisions and actions of a nurse. A higher level of professional autonomy and shared governance should be seen as the main features of critical thinking. Critical thinking is exercised through greater knowledge and exper ­tise. It may also be based on the per ­sonal qualities of the nurse and the manner in which authority is exercised. In contrast to traditional theories of nursing leadership, nursing expert power is based on new knowledge about technology and critical thinking used in nursing profession. Critical thinking is based on credibility and clear evidence of knowledge or expertise; for example, the expert knowledge of ‘functional’ specialists. Stone (2000) states that if the information is satisfactorily ascertained from secondary sources, the nurse opts to complete this component of the assessment by relying on past records. Documentary data obtained from patients’ records is often termed ‘secondary’ because the information has originally been collected by other people and for other purposes. Thus, critical thinking determines further actions and behavior patterns which support clinical and service development. In several decades ago, nurses were limited by strict rules and tasks which prevented them to respond effectively to changing environment (Potter Perry 2005). Today, technology and information technology demands critical thinking and decision making in nursing (Sharp, 2000). Also, there is a great shift in organizational values and personal traits of the nurses. Changing social environment influences human values and conflicts with human dignity and importance (Sullivan Decker, 2005). The balance of power has undoubtedly shifted to nurses who have more choice over how to conducts relationships with their administration, colleagues and patients. Critical thinking in nursing is aimed to improve influences on the environment and determine perspectives of further development on the macro- and micro- level. In this situation, to be an effective and professional nurse, it is necessary to exercise the role of critical thinker based on advanced knowledge and expertise (Durgahee, 2003). A common view is that the job of the nurse requires the ability of critical thinking and that leadership is in effect a sub-set of management. In terms of critical thinking, there is a need to be flexible and be ready to innovate and to adopt new technologies as they come along. The way in which healthcare organization has to employ the latest technology can be an important determinant of its competitive advantage. For instance, increased role of computers and technological solutions require new skills and decision making practices in medicine. For instance, if technology does not work properly and it threatens life of a patient, a nurse should react accordingly to the situation and replace it with alternative solution (Kozier et al 2004). Critics (Sullivan Decker, 2005) admit that three decades ago nurses were not ready and prepared to apply critical thinking to their work and this led to high death rates caused by technology failure. Healthcare is one of the main industries responsible for exceptional service quality and interpersonal communication. Service quality is determined by technological processes and innovations in its field. Critical thinking has speeded up health delivery processes, transformed working practices and increased the efficiency of healthcare services. Interestingly, it is in the technological environment that it is some ­times possible for large healthcare organizations to actually exert influence rather than be the recipients of it. Respect and personal worth of every patient are the core human-related factors employed by the nurses (Garrison 2004). Nursing staff is responsible for communication and interaction with the patients. For this reason, nurses should be flexible to respond effectively to changing environment and customers groups. As a result, high degree of autonomy cannot be effectively used by all nursing staff. Healthcare organizations start to apply ‘critical thinking’ into practice seeing it as a high level of specialist practice and competitive advantage in healthcare services. Also, critical thinking in nursing is concerned with those activities involved in recruiting of professional staff, training, and development within the healthcare infrastructure, namely the systems of planning, finance, medical service control, etc. which are crucially important to an strategic capability in all healthcare activities (Potter Perry, 2005). Today, a special attention is given to proper function of medical staff and empowerment which helps to improve efficiency of medical practice. Critical thinking is one of the main requirements in modern service learning. In learning, â€Å"critical thinking [is] a reasoning process reflecting on ideas, actions, and decisions in clinical experience by the nursing student and others (Anaya et al 2003, p99). The advantages of critical thinking in nursing are fast response to changing conditions and environment and ability to apply recent technologies into practice. It increases confidence of nurses and level of healthcare services. Using critical thinking approach, nurses are able to shift the situation using these new creative approaches based on advanced relationships and inquiry. Also, it is strongly influenced by resources outside the healthcare organization which are an integral part of the chain of activities between the healthcare service design and the level of medial treatment (Sharp, 2000). Change is a threat to routine and their role in healthcare management. It is also true that many nurses do not know what their role is, and in recent years attempts have been made to clarify individual roles. Critical thinking is ‘a vital skill’ for nurses because it determines the style of management and leadership. Critical thinking can be interpreted as a response to the need to meet heightened customer expectations and face intensi ­fied technology solutions. Critical thinking encourages nurses to adopt a positive attitude and have personal involvement in service delivery. Also, it allows healthcare organization to expose nursing staff to new forms of service and management. Critical thinking is constructed on a rational basis and allows nurses respond to patients’ needs in an appropriate manner. For a modern nurse, it is crucial to be accountable to patients’ families, and close friends who come to visit them. References 1.   Anaya, A., Doheny, M.O., Panthofer, N., Sedlak, C.A. (2003). Critical Thinking in Students’ Service-Learning Experiences. College Teaching, 51 (3), 99-104. 2. Critical Thinking in Nursing The University of New Mexico (2007). Retrieved 31 May 2007, from   http://hsc.unm.edu/consg/conct/whatis.shtml 3.   Daniels, R. (2004). Nursing Fundamentals: Caring and Clinical Decision Making, Thomas Learning, Oregon. 4. Dreher, N., Macnaughton, N. (2002). Cultural competency in nursing: foundation or fallacy? Nursing Outlook, Sep-Oct; 50 (5):181-6. 5.   Durgahee, T. (2003). Higher level practice: degree of specialist practice? Nurse Education Today. Apr; 23 (3), 191-201. 6. Garrison, D.R., Morgan, D.H., Johnson, J.G. (2004). Thriving in chaos: Educating the nurse leaders of the future. Nursing Leadership Forum. Fall; 9 (1), 23-27. 7. Kozier B., Erb G., Berman A. Snyder S. (2004). Fundamentals of Nursing: Concepts, Process and Practice, New Jersey, Pearson Education Inc. 8. Potter, P. Perry, A. (2005). Fundamentals of Nursing. Elsevier PTE LTD, Singapore. 9.   Sharp, Nancy. (April 2000). The 21st century belongs to nurse practitioners. Nurse Practitioner, p. 56 10. Sullivan, E.J., Decker, Ph. J. (2005). Effective leadership Management in Nursing 6th ed. Pearson Hall.    How to cite Nursing in Perspectives, Essay examples

Financial Statements Monitoring Mechanisms -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Financial Statements Monitoring Mechanisms? Answer: Introducation As ASIC only commenced legal proceedings in the Federal Court on 4 March 2016, at the reporting date of 30 September 2016, these proceedings are in the early stages and no reliable estimate can be made as to the amount of obligation, or whether there will be an obligation. Therefore, in accordance with 1AASB 137 Paragraph 14, no current provision needs to be made for the possibility of a contingent liability resulting from the litigation by ASIC. However, AASB 137 Paragraph 16 outlines that whether or not it is likely that a present obligation exists, an entity shall disclose a contingent liability, unless the possibility of an outflow is remote. It would therefore be more likely that the ANZ should disclose the contingent liability, as there is probably a more than remote possibility that there will be an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits, in the future, as a result of the court proceedings by ASIC. It would be advisable to disclose now to avoid the chance of non-compliance. Below is the Note to the Financial Statements which ANZ included in its 2015-2016 Financial Statements in respect to these allegations. Notes to the Financial Statements Other Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets ii) Proceedings in relation to Bank Bill Swap Rate (BBSW) On 4 March 2016, ASIC commenced court proceedings against ANZ. ASIC is seeking declarations and civil penalties for alleged market manipulation, unconscionable conduct, misleading or deceptive conduct, and alleged breaches by ANZ of certain statutory obligations as a financial services licensee. ASIC has subsequently initiated similar proceedings against two other Australian banks. ASICs case against ANZ concerns transactions in the Australian interbank BBSW market in the period from March 2010 to May 2012. ANZ is defending the proceedings. The potential civil penalty or other financial impact is uncertain. ANZ has disclosed the contingent liability in accordance with AASB 137. At the very least, ANZ was required to provide a brief description of the nature of the contingent liability, in accordance with AASB 137 Paragraph 86, which is what they have done. They have also informed interested parties that the financial impact is uncertain and have therefore not provided an estimate of the financial effect as required in Paragraph 86, where practicable. A Reference is also made to the BBSW proceedings in Principal Risks and Uncertainties Paragraph 28, where the contingent liabilities as at 30 September 2016 are listed. In these cases, there were clearly the present obligations resulting from past events, being that it was clear that ANZ had not sought to determine the actual credit limit required by the customers and had given them no options to elect a different overdraft amount, as required by the National Credit Act, which is administered by ASIC. Therefore, there would be probable outflows of resources embodying economic benefits, as a result of ANZs actions. Along with this, a reliable estimate could be made of the amount of the obligation due the fact that ASIC has a scale of fine amounts available. AASB 137 Paragraph 14 requires that a Provision is made when all of these requirements are met. The estimated fines should be recorded as a Contingent Liabilities at the time ANZ was notified of the proceedings. As the fines were due for payment 16 August 2016, the Contingent Liability would no longer appear in the Financial Statements at the end of the period because it would have already been paid. However, shareholders who had followed media releases would expect to find some kind of detail about the proceedings and payment in the Notes to the Financial Statements, as these kinds of events affect the decisions of investors and therefore, it has impact on returns on investment. The fact that the fines are not an admission of guilt, does not take away from the requirements of AASB and the fact that there was an outflow of resources. All that can be found is the following, insignificant references, as part of the Chairmans Report and Notes to Financial Statements 2016: There is no doubt that mistakes have been made within the banking sector. At ANZ this has resulted in regulatory investigations, concerns over the conduct of staff and legal action involving former customers (Chairmans Report ANZ 2016 Annual Report). Moreover, in the Notes to Financial Statements 40: Other Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets (v) Other Regulatory Reviews - The nature of these investigations and reviews can be wide ranging and, for example, currently include a range of matters including responsible lending practices, wealth advice and product suitability, conduct in financial markets and capital market transactions. In the words of Gordon and During (2016), bank overdraft is a type of financing where the bank honours cheques in case of zero balance in the customer or business accounts and as a result, it depicts negative balance in the bank account. Moreover, a special type of bank overdraft is inherent, in which the cashbook balance is negative, while the bankbook balance is positive. However, as the presentation of those cheques is not made, the bank balance is not negative and there is absence of any actual bank overdraft (Council 2014). According to Paragraph 71 of AASB 101, the other current liabilities are not settled as portion of the normal operating cycle; however, they are due for settlement within a year after the reporting period or held mainly for lending. These include bank overdrafts, dividends payable and other non-trade payables. At times, ANZ Bank possesses the right in offsetting the balance of overdraft with another business bank account; the overdraft could be netted off against the other bank accounts that are maintained within the same bank. The net bank balance could be depicted in the form of balance of cash at bank. In case, ANZ does not possess the right to offset, the overdraft could be reported in the form of liability and in case; the overdraft is material, reporting needs to be made distinct from other liabilities. In addition, since ANZ Bank has to comply with AASB and IFRS, such overdraft needs to be treated in the form of cash and cash equivalents. However, the movement associated with the bank overdraft need not be reported in the statement of cash flows under any particular segment. According to Paragraph 4.9 of AASB 9, an organisation is needed to reclassify its financial assets, in case; the goal of the business model related to those assets changes in the organisational context. However, the frequency of such changes is very limited. The senior management of the organisation need to ascertain those changes due to internal or external reporting and relevancy needs to be present with the organisational operations while demonstrating to the external parties (Aasb.gov.au 2017). Moreover, Paragraph 5.9 (a) of AASB 9 states that an entity has a portfolio of commercial loans that it is intending to sell within shorter time span. The entity acquires an organisation managing commercial loans having the business model holding the loans for gathering the contractual cash flows. Thus, the commercial loan portfolio is not for sale anymore and the management of portfolio is now combined with the acquired commercial loans. All these are held for obtaining the contractual ca sh flows. ANZ Bank could depict all business and commercial loans in the form of borrowings in the liability side of the balance sheet statement. The reasons for providing and obtaining the business and commercial loans need to be disclosed in its annual report. Some of these reasons might include investment in real estate, supporting the ongoing operating losses and long-term software development (Minnis and Sutherland 2017). As a result, appropriate information would be available to all the stakeholders of ANZ Bank and the compliance with AASB 9 would be achieved fully. The two major factors that have impact on the value of financial assets in ANZ Bank and having relevancy to the banking sector include the following: Cash management practices: An effective cash management policy assures that a bank has cash in hand to finance the working capital needs whether revenues are stable or fluctuating (Radebaugh 2014). Due to this, the practices of cash management are the primary factors influencing the financial assets in ANZ Bank. The aspects of cash management policy include formation of cash reserves and collections of accounts receivable. The cash reserves raise the cash value in bank account, which assures greater liquidity and ANZ Bank could clear its dues in case of cash decline due to falling revenues. On the other hand, the procedures related to collections of accounts receivable minimise the time needed to collect the owed money to the bank. Thus, it could be depicted as decline in accounts receivable and rise in cash on hand in the balance sheet statement. Internal controls: As commented by Frias Aceituno, Rodrguez Ariza and Garcia Snchez (2014), inappropriate controls raise the risk of staff fraud and theft that might reduce the cash and inventory values in the balance sheet statement of an organisation. Thus, ANZ Bank needs to incorporate cash controls like duty separation, restricted access to financial data, utilising receipts that are pre-numbered along with assuring that such receipts stay in order. Along with this, the bank needs to ensure inventory controls like scheduled and random inventory counts. According to Paragraph 7 of AASB 137, provisions are defined as liabilities having uncertain amount or timing. In few nations, the provisions are utilised in the context of various items like impairment of assets, depreciation and doubtful debts. These are some adjustments to the carrying amounts of the assets. In order to write off bad debts from the annual report of ANZ Bank, if the accounts receivable of a business account is identified as uncollectible, it needs to be written off by removing the account from the section of accounts receivable. This method is considered as the allowance method and it complies with AASB 137 in an effective fashion (Crawford, Lont and Scott 2014). In this case, the entry needed to write off the bad debt account has impact on the balance sheet accounts only. The allowance for doubtful accounts needs to be debited, while ANZ Bank is required to credit the accounts receivable (Ruch and Taylor 2015). Thus, the bank need not have to report any loss or expense in its income statement. This is because such write-off has been covered under the previous adjusting entries for the projected expense of bad debts. Moreover, after ANZ Bank has written off the bad debt, it is possible that the bank has been paid part or the entire written off account balances. In that case, the bank could reinstate the account through reversal of the write-off entry and processing of the written off amount. At the time of loan issuance, a liability is created for the borrower along with an asset gain. The amount of the deposit increases with the supply of money (Everett 2015). At the time the borrower writes a cheque in contrast to the deposit. ANZ Bank needs to transfer the amount of reserve to the bank of the seller for clearing the cheque. The loan contract is still inherent with the borrower, but the liability of deposit has vanished. The bank of the seller has obtained the reserves along with an identical deposit liability. However, if the borrower defaults on the contract of loan, ANZ Bank could not obtain any amount of the principal lent. It then needs to write-off the overall loan amount in the form of an asset. It has resulted in loss in identical amount of its capital, which would minimise its capital/asset ratio. Since the liability of deposit has been transferred to another bank, the default could change the supply of money. Based on the amount of capital lost, the loan portfolio might have to be shrinking on the part of ANZ Bank or it needs to sell new bank shares to stay in conformance to the rules of capital adequacy. In addition, ANZ Bank might need to acquire excessive reserves to meet the requirement of reserve ratio. However, as long as the solvency of the bank is maintained, it could normally borrow the needed reserves in the federal funds market or from the federal discount window. References: Aasb.gov.au. (2017). [online] Available at: https://www.aasb.gov.au/admin/file/content105/c9/AASB9_12-09.pdf [Accessed 9 Oct. 2017]. Aasb.gov.au. (2017). [online] Available at: https://www.aasb.gov.au/admin/file/content105/c9/AASB137_07-04_COMPoct10_01-11.pdf [Accessed 9 Oct. 2017]. Asic.gov.au. (2017).ASIC - Australian Securities and Investments Commission. [online] Available at: https://www.asic.gov.au/about-asic/media-centre/find-a-media-release/2016-releases/16-063mr-anz-pays-212-500-penalty-for-breaching-responsible-lending-laws-when-offeringoverdrafts/ [Accessed 9 Oct. 2017]. Council, K.I., 2014. Annual Report 2015-2016. Crawford, L., Lont, D. and Scott, T., 2014. The effect of more rules?based guidance on expense disclosure under International Financial Reporting Standards.Accounting Finance,54(4), pp.1093-1124. Everett, C.R., 2015. Group membership, relationship banking and loan default risk: the case of online social lending. Frias Aceituno, J.V., Rodrguez Ariza, L. and Garcia Snchez, I.M., 2014. Explanatory factors of integrated sustainability and financial reporting.Business strategy and the environment,23(1), pp.56-72. Gordon, H.R. and During, C.Y., 2016. Quarterly Report. Hillman, N.W., 2014. College on credit: A multilevel analysis of student loan default.The Review of Higher Education,37(2), pp.169-195. Minnis, M. and Sutherland, A., 2017. Financial statements as monitoring mechanisms: Evidence from small commercial loans.Journal of Accounting Research,55(1), pp.197-233. Radebaugh, L.H., 2014. Environmental factors influencing the development of accounting objectives, standards and practices in Peru.The international Journal of Accounting Education and Research. Urbana,11(1), pp.39-56. Ruch, G.W. and Taylor, G., 2015. Accounting conservatism: A review of the literature.Journal of Accounting Literature,34, pp.17-38.